CIVIL ENGINEERING

A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which domestic waste water used. Waste water treatment through by the different process of biological decomposition and drainage.  




Function of septic tank :
A septic tank will digest organic matter and separate float able matter(e.g., oils and grease) and solids from the wastewater A septic tank will be connected with two pipes (for inlet and outlet).  The inlet pipe is used to transport the water waste from the house and collect it in the septic tank. It is kept here long enough so that the solid and liquid waste is separated from each other.The second pipe is the outlet pipe. It can also call the drain field. This pipe moves out the pre-processed wastewater from the septic tank and spreads it evenly in the soil and watercourses.When waste water has been collected after a while it will begin to, separate into 3 layers. (as shown in the image above)The top layer is oils and grease and floa…

A soak pit, also known as a soakaway as well as drywell which is an underground structure that disposes of unwanted water, most commonly surface runoff and stormwater and in some cases greywater. It is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground. Pre-settled effluent from a Collection and Storage/Treatment or (Semi-) Centralized Treatment technology is discharged to the underground chamber from which it infiltrates into the surrounding soil and underground.

Polyurethane Waterproofing Treatment
Polyurethane is made up of two components, base and reactor. Polyol acts as the base, while isocyanide is the reactor component. The combination of both these in a specific design ratio creates a liquid coating for waterproofing applications. Polyurethane is a rather popular choice due to its ease of installation. Unlike other waterproofing systems like sheet membranes and liquid applied membranes, this polyurethane application requires comparatively less skill and supervision. Application is fast and this type of treatment can be used for post construction applications as well.


Detailed methods for surface preparation and application are p

1. The surface of the roof slab should be cleaned and washed with water before laying the first course.

2. A fresh slurry is prepared by mixing cement with 1-2% super seal powder (acrylic based acrylintryl chemical).

3. The slurry is first mixed dry and then water is added until it reaches a uniform consistency.

4. This freshly prepared slurry is spread on the cleaned roof surface to create a smooth thin layer.

5. Cement sand mortar is prepared by adding 1-2% super seal powder in a 1:5 cement sand dry mix (1 part cement, 5 part sand).

6. Water is added to obtain a plastic mortar.

7. This cement mortar is spread on top of the thin slurry 
layer to obtain a 20mm thick cement mortar layer.

8. Brick bats are inserted in the 20mm cement mortar layer to create a 100-150 mm brick bat later layer.

9. The cement sand mortar is then used for grouting the previously laid brick bat layer. All voids and joints are filled.

10. Ensure a smooth slope surface over the brick bat layer.

11. Freshly prepared plasti…

Plaster is very necessary thing in construction to achieve an aesthetic appearance. Plastering work is a process of covering the rough surfaces or unfinished surfaces like walls, ceilings, column and other building components with thin coat of cement mortar or other material to form a smooth and finished surface and gives an aesthetic appearance. It increases the durability of surface.

Gypsum is one of the widely used construction material mainly in interior designing. Properties and products of gypsum to be used as building material in construction works are discussed. Gypsum is used as surface materials. Its application is prominent in wall and ceiling construction. The use of gypsum can also be done at the field in the form of plaster.

Comparison between Gypsum plaster and Cement-sand plaster

1. Basic Raw Material

Gypsum plasterGypsum powder and water
Cement-sand plaster Cement + sand + water (Site mixed)
2. Applicable area Gypsum plasterIt can be use only on internal walls and ceilings. …

Internal painting process:

10 Step process for internal painting work.

1.Cleaning of walls
2.Crack filling by crack fillers
3.Apply primer
4.Apply wall putty or lapi
5.Apply second coat of wall putty or lapi
6.Apply gattu primer
7.Papering on putty
8.Apply paint coat
9.Papering on paint
10.Apply final coat of paint 


External painting process:

External Painting is a three step process. First painters will clean building walls.

1.Apply primer.
2.Apply selected paint coat.
3.Apply selected paint coat — final one.

Procedure for Re-paint:


Surface check: is the most vital part before we start painting. In surface check, we should clear seepage, dirt, oil strain, paint feel-off by using various equipment like cloth, sand paper, blade,seepage plasterSanding: Remove existing paint using sand paperPutty: Apply putty to fill the gaps of needle, tv wall mount, AC mount, cracks on surface and patches. Wait for putty to dry. Approx 3–4 hours.Sanding after putty: Do another round of sanding after putty dry, this helps to level the surfacePrimer: This is not mandatory for re-painting of existing color. This is mostly applicable for fresh painting or color changePaint: Do one coat of paint, if you are not satisfied with one coat, Go for another coat.

INTRODUCTION
A door is a movable structure used for opening and closing an entrance or for giving access to something.
Following are the major types of Doors used in building.

1. Flush Doors
2. Panel Doors
3. Wooden or Timber Door
4. Roller Doors
5. Bifold Doors
6. Sliding Doors
7. Pivot Doors
8. French Doors
9. Aluminum Doors
10. Fibre Glass Door
11. Fiber-reinforced Plastic Doors
12. PVC Doors
13. Battened & Ledged Doors
14. Bamboo Doors
15. Glass Doors
16. Steel Doors
17. Louvered Doors
18. Swing Doors
19. Collapsible Doors
20. Sliding Doors
21. Rolling Shutters
22. Glazed Doors
23. Revolving Doors

1. Flush Doors :


A flush door is made of solid blockboard core, vertical stiles, and horizontal rails that create a pre-fixed frame and blockboard is composed of wooden strips that are placed edge-to-edge and sandwiched between 4 mm ply.

2. Panel Doors :